Standard Urotherapy for Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review

Abstract Objectives Standard urotherapy (SU) is regularly used as a first-line intervention for children with incontinence. It suggested that SU also effective neurodevelopment disabilities (NDs) when altered to the specific needs of these children. The aim review was answer following research questions: (a) what effectiveness interventions in ND?, (b) which procedures and protocols were utilized during SU?, (c) role parents (d) current evidence base regarding NDs? Methods Four electronic databases (i.e., Embase, PsychInfo, PubMed, Web Science) searched accordance JBI methodology mixed methods systematic reviews (MMRS) Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) manual Evidence Synthesis. Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) from determine methodological quality studies. Results search resulted inclusion five articles related ND, indicating relating NDs scarce. indicate complete or partial positive response 30% ( N = 114) based on criteria listed by International Children’s Continence Society (ICCS). When using authors included articles, results 59% achieved full continence. Most importantly, suggests most showed improved symptoms (e.g., reduction urinary/fecal accidents, schedule-dependent continence) even if continence not obtained. Conclusions indicated could be beneficial treatment NDs. Individualizing child, parental involvement, follow-up appointments, adding adjuncts alone seem this population. However, topic scarce therefore more completed guidelines different Implications future are discussed.